The story on stone money is that about five hundred years ago some Yapese canoes reached the rock islands of Palau. They were impressed by the crystalline rock of these islands and carved out a disk of it to take home. So that they could carry the disk, they put a hole in the middle so that a group of men could carry the disk threaded onto a log. To get the heavy stone home, they made a little bamboo raft to float it on.

Back in Yap, the money served as a trophy of the men’s adventure. The harder your trip was (storms, sinkings, drownings, attacks by Palau warriors), the more that given piece of stone money was worth — it had more of a story associated with it. What could you “buy” with stone money? Not goods or a house — for those you needed a different kind of money, shell money. But you could give a disk of stone money to a family as the bride-price for taking a daughter as your wife. Or, as my dive guide Gordon explained to me, “If your brother Embry got drunk and made a lot of noise in the village and some family was mad at him, you could give them a piece of stone money to make it alright.” You wouldn’t necessarily have to move the stone money anyplace, you’d just reassign ownership. Often a village’s stone money would be lined up near the central dancing area to make what they call a stone money bank.

It’s scattered all over Yap, you see it in every village, and pieces of it are near most public places as well.

Later when we were on the dive boat in Palau, passing through the rock islands, I was talking with our Palauan boat pilot and I said something like, “The Yapese used to come here and tear off a piece from these islands.” The pilot, high on betel-nut of course, laughed wildly, as if visualizing the folly of those rustic Yapese. [Not actually the same pilot as shown in this picture.] And the next day he returned to the joke, pointing out a natural bridge worn into the rock islands, saying, “That’s where they took away the stone money.”

In a way, taking photos is like taking stone money.

One of my blog-readers asked what kind of camera I used for these pictures. A pocket-sized SONY Cybershot DSC-T1. It has 5 Meg, which is more than enough, and becuase I carry it a lot more than I used to carry my Leica, I get a lot more pictures. The lens is tiny, but it’s okay that the lens is tiny since the “film” is a tiny CCD chip. Also its a Zeiss lens. The only downside with a camera this small is that it’s so lightweight that it tends to shake when you get down to low light long exposures. Would be nice if it has some kind of grabber so you could temporarlily mass-ballast it by fastening it to a handy rock. Just for kicks for the photo mavens, you can click here to see that last cool red,white, and blue stone money picture in larger format, about 2700 pixels across.

Before dinner, Embry and I noticed a young girl wearing a grass skirt and a floral lei. Her breasts were bare. She came into the dining area, an open patio of plastic furniture. Invisible insects biting me every second. She was the daughter of the manager lady, a 31 year old woman whose teeth have been dissolved down to tiny black stubs from constant chewing of betel nut. The daughter had just been to an ethnic dance held in their home village twice a week for tourists. There was no embarrassment or self-consciousness over the bare breasts, you see older women walking bare breasted on the streets, it's an old-fashioned family-values thing to do.

After dinner we saw the daughter again, dressed in jeans and T-shirt now, playing with her pet fruit bat. Her grandfather had shot this little bat's mother, to eat, and had found the baby under one wing, and the girl had raised it. She let me play with the bat, it's “play” consisted of biting all my fingers. She had a wad of betel nut in her cheek now too. A regular sweet teenage girl. Thanks to the betel nut, though, her teeth were already a bit worn down; chewing betel eventually erodes the teeth down to blackened stubs.

We ate a grilled parrot fish, lots of firm meat on those colorful reef nibblers.

I got the people at the hotel to drive me up to a beach by the village of Wanyan. Yap seems only to have two beaches; the other was even more trashed by the last typhoon. I took my snorkeling gear, and swam out to the reefy deep water twice, looking at fish and coral. Saw some great 3D Zhabotinsky coral. When I'm snorkeling alone, I enjoy the coral more, I can relax and not have the rest of the party being ahead of me or behind me.

All property in Yap is privately owned, even the beaches, so I had to pay someone for permission to use the beach. There's absolutely no signage in Yap. I was in the Pathways van with a beautiful woman and a twelve-year-old boy, both Yapese, the boy the brother of the girl with the bat. They have lovely, rounded features. We pull into a driveway near the beach, and the woman and I get out and she talks in Yapese to the man for a several minutes over my beach fee, and the upshot is that we drive back into the village to discuss it with a different guy. He comes out of his dilapidated house — made of driftwood and corrugated sheet metal — and has an even longer discussion with my Pathways guide. His mouth is red and bulging with betel nut. I get out, ready to pay, but then we get back in the van. “How much does he want?” I ask. “Two dollars.” “Should I pay him?” “No, we'll do it through the hotel with paperwork.” Ah, humanity, and our love of complicating things. I had the idea that this guy doesn't have much action — I am the only person I see coming to the beach this morning — so enjoyed making the most of the deal.

One the beach there actually is another group, a Filipino family of a man, woman, and two daughters, one with Down's syndrome, she runs around with her tongue hanging out. The woman's mother is there too.

The beach is littered with ocean debris, dotted with coconut palms that are very wide at the bottom, I think of women's hips. The water is shallow for about a hundred yards, then there's some dark blue deep water, some turquoise shallow water, and maybe a mile out the breakers where the open sea crashes into the reefy shelf around the island. The sky is changing every minute, fluffy white puff alternating with gray rain clouds, showers of a few minutes, then back to blue and wafting breezes. The coconut palms slant every which way, making a frieze within which the Filipino family and I move.

The man, Julio, comes over and invites me to eat. I join them, they've laid banana leaves on a low table, and he's grilled some fish: tilapia and parrot fish, also there's rice and a bunch of quartered roasted sweet potatoes which were just harvested by the mother-in-law from her garden. They talk about their worries about the one daughter, I sympathize.

And then I put on my shortie wet suit and snorkel way out to the deep water. 3D Zhabotinsky scroll coral. Gemlike blue and aqua fish in tiny staghorn coral heads.

Later I take a talk along the beach and find four major shells, the kinds of shells I'd buy in stores. The beach is filling up with teenagers, boys and girls, playing volleyball, picnicking, playing guitars and, yes, ukuleles. I relax, leaning against a fat coconut palm, admiring the handsome brown people moving through the frieze of trees. Noa noa, I'm in a Gaugin picture. For once I'm utterly content and happy. A long way from writing about death. “Sir,” a Yapese man walks over. “You like some banana?” He gives me a little bunch of three stubby bananas, sweet, firm, thin-skinned, delicious.

Later I snorkel out to the fish again, and then the hotel van picks me up, my posse, two women and a two-year-old this time, also a big guy who'd carried our bags at the airport. All of them chewing betel nut, calm and friendly, enjoying the drive. On the way out through the Wanyan village, an old guy whose mouth is bright red with betel stops us and has a long conversation with the guy in the back seat with me. I think they're discussing the big deal of my beach fee.

The first thing I noticed on landing in Yap was that all the guys picking up guests had big wads of stuff in their mouths; and their spit was bright red, redder than blood even. Vermillion. You could see lots of the spit in their mouths, spilling out onto their lips.

Betel nuts grow all over Yap on trees resembling coconut trees, but with bunches of acorn-sized nuts. They chew the nuts when they're green, if allowed to ripen and get orange they're too hard.

Our first day, we walked into Colonia, the capital of Yap, which has a dozen or two tiny stores and businesses in a modern little shopping complex, also a few shipping buildings, such as the Yap Fresh Tuna Company. Two streets crossing each other. The sidewalk in the main part of the town is red so as not to show the betel nut spit, which otherwise makes a permanent stain that looks as if someone had been stabbed. There's also spittoons in the form of red-painted wood stands with plastic sacks in them.

There's a betel nut stand in town, this is where you see the most people gathered, although you also see bags of betel nuts in the three markets, and in some of the other stores as well. One or two bucks for a bag of fifty or a hundred betel nuts.

I asked a guy running a native crafts gallery about them, and he offered me one and showed me how to use it. You bite it with your back teeth to crack it in half. Then you sprinkle some white powder on it that they call lime, it's ground-up shells or coral, but I think it could equally well be the ground limestone that they sometimes use for fertilizer or for athletic field markings. And then you wrap a piece from a big pepper-plant leaf around the nut and put it in your mouth.

He offered me a nice fresh betel nut, and a lot of bitter clear juice popped out as soon as I bit it. I took it out and sprinkled the lime onto the open halves, wrapped it in pepper, put it back in my mouth. I think the lime mitigates the bitterness, for when I once picked up a betel nut I found under a tree and bit it without lime, the taste was unbearable.

My Yap betel-benefactor advised me that beginners don't swallow the juice, although experienced users do, so as to “get more kick out of it.” Embry declined trying a nut, preferring to observe its effects upon his younger brother — twas ever thus.

Quickly that side of my mouth began feeling a little numb, and shortly after I felt slightly euphoric and relaxed. It's like when you have coffee or tea in the morning, and you feel as if some invisible missing piece of your personality puzzle has just been snapped in. The betel nut juice seemed to fill a hole in me. I felt (as any druggie or former druggie will understand) like you're supposed to feel.

While I was chewing we walked into the office of the Yap legislature. The receptionist was a handsome, dignified older woman with teeth bright red from betel nut spit. We talked for awhile about the building, our conversation slow and relaxed. We were on the same wavelength.

There seems to be absolutely no social opprobrium on betel nut chewing, which is hard for me to grasp, coming as I do from puritan America. I kept thinking there'd be some occupations where you'd be discouraged from chewing, but all the people I encountered were chewing: dive masters, hotel and restaurant people, villagers, secretaries, school teachers, indeed even the white locals here chew. One man said it kept him from going nuts over the leisurely Yapese pace, in other words it put him on their same wavelength.

Funniest was a girl working the computer in a local arts and crafts store, she had a large betel nut in her mouth already, and then while typing in the invoice for the lava-lava (hand-woven cloth intended as a wrap-around skirt but which we'll probably use as a table-runner) that I was buying, she picked up a betel nut the size of a small egg, and crammed that one into her mouth as well, without even bothering to add the lime powder and pepper leaf. She looked so wild and greedy, I had to laugh. Like a kid eating Halloween candy.

I'm not going to push my experimentation with betel nut, but my guess is that chewing a whole of them in a row gives you a cumulative, growing buzz. Certainly some Yapese do seem kind of zonked, but that could also just be the tropical languor and low-stress lifestyle. I haven't seen anyone acting particularly impaired. Well, maybe a little forgetful in some cases.

Betel is definitely a psychoactive drug, though, and seems to be highly addictive. Perhaps on the order of caffeine or tobacco, although the Yapese I asked say the appeal is quite different. It makes them relaxed, one said, and another said he chews just so “something is moving,” something is going on. They also said it's almost impossible to quit, that they'd started when young, and that they know it's bad for them, but they chew up to a hundred nuts a day. Those bulging bags of betel nuts in the market aren't family party-paks, dude, those are one person's daily supply. I didn't see the white powder for sale, that seems to me more in the way of a personal supply, everyone has their own hand-made lime-shaker. Some people use old Tabasco bottles, Tabasco being a favorite spice here.

The effects on their teeth are devastating. A betel-nut chewer's teeth become black and, I believe, are slowly eaten down to stubs. I recently saw an article in Science News to the effect that betel has some dozen known carcinogens. The use of betel has been drastically increasing as some large corporations in Southeast Asia have streamlined and modernized betel, selling packets containing betel, lime, and pepper leaf pre-mixed. Perhaps to remind users of the Pacific Island origins of betel, in Malaysia these betel packs are sold by betel girls who aren't quite topless, but who are wearing bikinis. The betel girls work the traffic jams of cities such as Kuala Lumpur or Hong Kong.

***

Someone asked about why the computer cord is wrapped around the crystal, and the lobster-looking man. Well, those are recycled from earlier blogs, and to find which ones I used the nifty Search box on the right margin of the blog. I searched “crystal” in the blog and find the Computer Holistic Wellness entry.

I remembered the lobster-man was in a show at the Academy of Science in NYC, and searched Adacemy and found SF Art.

I walked on an ancient raised pathway with stones set along the middle, palm trees all around, hibiscus, vines, banana leaves, dragonflies. Little huts with Yapese sitting there, a fat brown man, nearly naked. I wave, feeling a bit like a trespasser, he waves back. A sudden squall of rain, I huddle against the trunk of a tree to stay dry. Nothing but green plants visible in every direction, the branches lashing furiously in the sudden wind, the rain coming in a sudden torrent, its noise filling the air. It's so warm, that it doesn't matter much if I get wet, but I like being sheltered by the tree, its trunks covered with woody vines. Up against the clouds a pair of slender-winged sea-birds continue circling despite the rain. Red and yellow flowers amid the waving greenery. I'm having an adventure.

***

Lots of little yellow dogs here, but they don't yap all that much. They look so intelligent. Yesterday, walking near sunset along the ocean to a village called Badelbob, I passed a trio of little dogs, all of them so exquisitely sensitive to my interloping position and gaze. When there's more of them together, they're more confident.

This street passes through the district of the “outer islanders,” that is, the Yapese who aren't from the closely bunched five central islands, collectively known as Wa'ab. The outer islanders have lower status. Our diving guide Kintu yesterday was an outer islander.

There was a row of stone money in Badelbob, they call this a “bank.” I'll explain about the stone money in a later entry.

On our first dive, we went down to 80 feet and lay on the bottom, hoping for some twenty-foot-wide manta rays to show up. They have a “cleaning station” here, a spot where they visit to have wrasses swim into their gills and eat the parasites. Or maybe it's a mating or feeding spot, the guides aren't sure. I saw one manta, far away, swimming, its cape-like body rippling, like an alien visitor. Then we worked our way along a lovely wall, like a china-shop of coral, plates with Zhabotinsky scrolled edges, staghorns, a school of fish the size of pizza pans, big gray guys, and more brightly colored littler ones, striped, dotted. Brain coral patterned in Turing stripes.

The current got more intense as we rose, like a gale-force wind in a mountain pass. Kintu had us stop and hang onto rocks, the current whipping past us, a liquid hurricane. He gave me a “reef hook,” a little S of metal attached to a cord, we hooked the S under a rock and I held the cord. We were quite near the surface, and I was rather low on air, I thought it must be time to surface and board the boat.

Kintu made a gesture which I took to mean that I should surface, later I found out that he'd meant that he would surface and signal the boat, and that the rest of us should wait beneath the surface dangling from our reef hooks, flapping in the current. So I surfaced with Kintu. He grabbed my hand, and immediately the current swept us away, out towards the open sea, moving very fast, faster than a man could run, faster even than a bicycle. Our dive boats were very distant, the driver, perhaps stoned on betel nut, didn't immediately see us. It occurred to me that if we were washed out to sea we might die. If I'd been alone, it could have been curtains. But eventually the boat picked us up.

In the markets they sell a lot more canned meat than they do fish. Pacific islanders have this thing for canned meat, here's a brand just for them, “Ox and Palm.”

Later I saw Kintu in the supermarket buying beer. The man who saved my life! I felt like hugging him. He was carrying a little rectangular woven purse, kind of like an Easter basket, just big enough to hold his cigarettes and his bag of betel nuts. Here's a picture of some betel nuts lying on the ground.

I saw a Mobil tank station with “No Smoking” signs translated into, I guess, Yapese and maybe Palauan or some outer island dialect: “Dabni Tomogow” and “Haitowni Tamago”.

***

I made a 5 Meg MPG movie of the rainy jungle, click here to see it. (Vlog warning, I still haven't mastered posting movies. When you click on this, you'll get something kind of jerky for awhile until the full file downloads.)